Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and SafetyTo what extent is the employer obliged to exercise business organization for the wellness and safety of the employee while performing his or her duties? Is the current stick in this regard satis pointory?IntroductionThe indebtednesss of the employer for health and safety beat undergone an interesting development on both the plebeian lawfulness and statutory sides of legal regulation. This paper will examine the current extent of provinces for employers towards the health and safety of their employees while they atomic number 18 carrying step up their roleplay duties. This current prospect will wherefore be analysed in order to determine whether it is fit.A. rate of flow Health and Safety Obligations of the employer to the employee1.The Common justiceThe common law employment of shell let out1 translates into an implied term of the contract and in the trip of Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English2 the House of capt ains identified three key beas in which this implied obligation lies(a)Competent moduleAn employer will be liable if they do not provide their employees with decent training. This occurred in Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd3 where an employee sustained an reproach as a head of a spillage of molten metal at the fault of a s veritable(a)ingteen year old colleague who possessed only a rudimentary archetype of English. Another facet to the heading of competent supply is the actual behaviour of the employees whereby, acts of mischief or larking around fecal matter be of a g all overnment agencyicular danger as occurred in Hudson v cover Manufacturing Co Ltd.4(b) Safe Plant and EquipmentAn employer is obliged to provide safe equipment and this even applies where there was no knowledge of there being a fault. This is a departure from the traditional common law perspective solely is not a stark naked measure as it into effect with the passing of the Employers Liability (Defective E quipment) proceed of 1969. Here all faults in equipment to be attri neverthelessable to the employer where a third party has been negligent and in order to equip the financial needs of this obligation, insurance is obligatory for such body processs in symmetry with the Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) profess 1969. In the interests of fairness, the employer and/or the insurance follow can then sue the manufacturer.(c) Safe System of WorkThis obligation is iifold whereby the employer must, firstly, tell the employees of the location of safety equipment5 and gagely, the employer has the right to assume that the employee possesses a degree of common sense with the result that there is no obligation to warn of dangers that be obvious such as the hitting of an unexploded bomb with a hammer6 or running in the corridor to obtain lunch.7 This highlights the fact that the employer must find a balance between the obvious and the not so obvious safety measures where there would be an obligation to certify the employee of pretends and the proper procedures. Employees may make a closing not to obtain certain precautions, but if the risk is obvious, their employer will not be liable8, heretofore despite any conscious choice on the part of the employee, a risk that is not obvious will always rest with the employer9. This normal is ideal as it rightly presupposes the authority of the employer and their superior knowledge but at the same time, in like manner acknowledges personal autonomy of employees for which the employer should not be held liable.A further and more than recent application of the safe carcass of work is that the employer must refrain from requiring that the employee work excessively long hours10 and wooing unnecessary levels of underline11 that arise on account of insufficient staffing and the even more serious occurrence of bullying in the work enthrone.12 This gave rise to an conception in liability for the psychological injury that employees could sustain and in this succession of gravider pressure in the work place, it would have been a distant more applicable head of claim to a greater human body of employees than that of the traditional doctrine of liability for somatogenetic injury alone. However two recent elusions on this matter gave rise first of all, limitation and then outright exclusion of heads of claim concerning idiom in the work place. The forward limitation arose in Sutherland v Hatton13 in which it was held by the Court of draw in that there had to be plain indications of impending harm that would arise from the stress. This is part of a traditional acceptance that there has to be a balance between the likelihood of the injury occurring and the cost to the employer of protecting his employees.14 In the last mentioned case of groom (Appellant) v. toss County Council (Respondents)15 involved a teacher woefulness from stress and the House of Lords rejected the notion of an employers duty of wish well. Lord Scott of Foscote stated thatThe school is entitled to expect, also, that the teacher, an adult, will take his own decisions as to whether he needs to consult his doctor and will, if so advised by his doctor, take time off16(d) Safe Place of WorkSince the decision of the Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co case, there is a fourth area to which the utilize duty of care is attributable and this is the provision of a safe place of work. There are three key areas where the employer must exercise a honest standard of care. This constituted the obligation to provide an adequate reporting carcass.17 More recently, this has the potential to extend to instances of long term injury such as passive smoking as it was established that employees have a right not to work in a smoky surround in Waltons and Morse v Dorrington18 and this would constitute a step in the right direction. A question now arises as to how far this duty ought to extend.2.Statutory DutiesThe Heal th and Safety at Work manage 1974 is the key legislative authority for the obligations of employers to their employees and its aim is twofold.1. The provision of a general duty of careIn the first place the 1974 subroutine sets out the general duties that are applicable to the entire employment spectrum and this standard is found in s 2(1) of the 1974 Act, which is as followsIt shall be the duty of every employer to get a line, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of all his employees.Further to this there are also more specific obligations laid throughout s 2 of the Act, which encompass the provision and nutrition of plant and systems of work so that they are safe and without risk to health.19 There is also provision on, the handling, memory and transport of articles and substances20 as well as, provision of information, instructions, training and supervision.21 Finally s 2 of the 1974 Act also has provision onThe maintenance of places of work und er the employers control in a safe pin down with safe and risk free means of access and egress.22andThe provision and maintenance of a safe, risk-free working environment with adequate welfare facilities and arrangements.23The important element of these provisions is that the standard of care stipulated is for the employer to act is, as far as is reasonably practicable. This standard carries with it the obligation for employers to do everything reasonable that would ensure safety and the provisions go far to show that this encompasses many handle such as training, inspections and the availability of safety equipment. The emphasis of the Robens Report was thus largely met with there being a statutory framework that requires employers to actively think about the measures they are taking.2. Provision of a unified system of enforcement by the Health and Safety Executive and the various local authorities.The second aim of the 1974 Act is as a system of enforcement and this is largely carried out by the Health and Safety inspectorate but paradoxically, no one can, in accordance with s 47 of the 1974 Act, raise a civil action under the duties imposed by the 1974 Act. While this results in a unfathomed questioning of the usefulness of the 1974 Act, it does highlight the fact that this legislation is exclusively an Act for professional enforceability. The rights of recourse for employees are therefore in accordance with the standard duties of care that are found under the law of tort.24 More specifically, actions can be raised(a) in relation to industrial accidents, personal injury, injuries arising out of the course of employment and some statutory obligations. However, it is the Act itself that specifics the standard of care to be adopted by employers when their employees are carrying out their employment duties. In addition, the 1974 Act creates a premise for criminal liability, which of course carries higher penalties as well as an employers clog of proof, a s opposed to the burden of the plaintiff in civil actions.2. Interpretation of the standard of care of the 1974 Act in case lawInterpretation of the standard under case law is essentially analysis of the way in which the courts have dealt with the critical phrase, so far as is reasonably practicable. Case law shows that the reasonable practicability of a given situation can cover areas such as financial viability of the health and safety measure as against the risk of injury. This is similar to the balance that requires to be sought under the common law, with the analogous 1974 Act case being that of Associated Diaries v Hartley.25 Here an employee sustained an injury as a result of a truck going over his foot. The safety shoes would have cost him 1 per week but decided not to use them and his argument that they should have been provided for free failed on account of the fact that they would have cost the employer 20,000.This balance is perfectly honorable but the 1974 Act is not equipped to deal with instances of stress at work on account of the fact that civil actions cannot be raised via its provisions.B. Is this position satisfactory?1. Possible faults with the common lawIt is extremely let down that the House of Lords has rejected the concept of a duty of care for stress as there is a great deal that employers can do to relieve stress levels and, as with the balance that has been achieved between the cost of health and safety and the likelihood of injury, the equivalent would be more than approachable for stress situations. This does not bode well for other types of innovations such asThe common law does however acknowledge that a duty of care also extends beyond the work place where the employee continues to act within their duties of employment. This is seen in the case of King v Smith and Another26 where, in the event of inadequate on-the-spot(prenominal) facilities, it is up to the employer to find a suitable solution.2. Faults with the 1974 ActT he current resign with the current Health and Safety legislation is that it is becoming outdated and is practically in need of reform in order to cope with new kinds of dangers that were not such a going concern in 1974. This specifically refers to the ever increasing circumstances of stress related injury that would be wholly out-with the competence of the Health and Safety Inspectorate. However as a result of Barber v Somerset County Council, such an argument would not hold strength unless the legislative were to decide to override the common law doctrine and create a statutory obligation for employers against employee stress.Conclusion both(prenominal) the common law and the statutory framework are equally satisfactory in terms of their ability to tackle cases of negligence where there has been physical injury caused to the employee on account of the negligence of the employer. However, the express exclusion of liability for stress, as well as the impracticability of the Health and Safety inspectorate to even attempt to assist in safeguarding against stress is a concern of great magnitude. The conclusion of Lord Foscote in the case of Barber v Somerset County Council was wrong as the question of choosing to be a teacher or a doctor is an overly romanticised image of a pic n mix employees market with readily available jobs. Further to this, it should never become an accepted condition of our society that unhealthy stress should be an integral to working life for which there can be no legal recourse.BibliographyLegislationHealth and Safety at Work Act 1974Case LawDonoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English 1938 AC 57Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd 1970 1 completely ER 180Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd 1957 2 QB 348Finch v cable eddy Maintenance Co Ltd 1949 1 All ER 452OReilly v National Rail 1966 1 All ER 499Lazarus v Firestone tire and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 MayQualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes 1959 AC 743Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority 1991 ICR 269Walker v Northumberland County Council 1995 IRLR 35Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council 1978 IRLR 191.Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis 2000 IRLR 720Sutherland v Hatton 2002 EWCA Civ 76Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd 1968 1 WLR 1776Barber v Somerset County Council 2004 UKHL 13Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876Waltons and Morse v Dorrington 1997 IRLR 488Associated Diaries v Hartley 1979 IRLR 171King v Smith and Another (1994) The Times 3 November.General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas 1953 AC 180Text Book PublicationsD.Brodie, Health and Safety (Oxford University Press, 2004)H.Collins, K.D.Ewing A.McColgan, press LawText and Materials (Oxford Hart Publishing, 2001)Smith and Woods Industrial Law (Butterworths, 8th edn, 2003)R.W.Painter and A.Holmes, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, (Oxford University Press 5th edition, 2004)Art iclesD Brodie self-assurance and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council Some further Questions (224) 33 ILJ 2611Footnotes1 Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 5622 1938 AC 573 1970 1 All ER 1804 1957 2 QB 3485 See Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd 1949 1 All ER 4526 OReilly v National Rail 1966 1 All ER 4997 Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May8 See Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes 1959 AC 7439 See Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 1310 Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority 1991 ICR 26911 Walker v Northumberland County Council 1995 IRLR 3512 See Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council 1978 IRLR 191. See also Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis 2000 IRLR 720, which involved tormenting within the police force afterwards the failure to take seriously an allegation of sexual assault.13 2002 EWCA Civ 7614 For an in depth analysis of this balance, see Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd 1968 1 WLR 1776 per Swanwick J at pp 1779-178315 2004 UKHL 13. For commentary see D Brodie Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council Some further Questions (224) 33 ILJ 26116 ibid per Lord Foscote at paragraph 1417 Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 87618 1997 IRLR 48819 1974 Act s 2(2)(a)20 1974 Act s 2(2)(b)21 1974 Act s 2(2)(c)22 1974 Act s 2(2)(d)23 1974 Act s 2(2)(e)24 For the birth of the neighbour principle, see Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562.25 1979 IRLR 17126 (1994) The Times 3 November. This case followed the older case of General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas 1953 AC 180

Criteria for eco-hotel

Criteria for eco- tooth nearlyelIntroduction touristry is virtuoso of the leading growth sectors of the global economy, bringing in billions of dollars annually in developing countries and transporting millions of people outside(a)ly. But the tourism industrys growth through the eld has created an increasing come of stress on the purlieu. Ecotourism is nature-oriented and environsally foc apply and is schooling rapidly.Ecotourism aside, some in the hotel industry behave recognized the negative strike their business activities have on the environment and have forcen fulfil to alleviate those seismic disturbances. surroundingsally responsible business practices dovetail s advantageously with the rude(a) popularity of ecotourism. They harmonize tourism and environmental sustainability.Eco-hotels argon a name disposed(p) to represent a hotel or an accommodation that has made the surroundings improvements to its mental synthesis so as to expurgate its impact on the env ironment. This is cognize excessively known as leafy veget fitting hotel which are environmentally-responsible accommodation that follow practices of spirt living. To be considered as environmentally responsible these hotels have to be certify as verdancy by an indep terminateent third-party or by the country they are located in. Traditionally, these hotels are qualified as Eco Hotels beca use of their location, their design providential by the use of traditional building and the eco activities they adjure.Chapter 1 Literature palingenesis1.0 Criteria for eco-hotelAn eco-hotel must as a rule meet the following criteria intrust on the inwrought environment environmental sustainability Should be able to shield the ecology Should sensitize people about the environmental training programs Should be able to bring intercultural fill in Should be able to ontogeny the countrys taxation Maintaining the organization building by using non-hazardous cleaning agents and laundry detergent 100%organic cottonsheets, towels and mattresses Non-smoking atmosphere Renewable power sources care solar or wind push Bulk earthy soap and facilities as an resource of individual packages to reduce risky Guest room and hotel mansion house cycle bins Towel and sheet re-use (guests outhouse tell housekeeping to forego these slightly utilize items to reduce water utilization) Energy-efficient lighting On- target transfer with green vehicles Serve natural and topical anesthetic-grown regimen Non-disposable dishware Offers a fresh-air ex compound structure Gray water recycling, which puke be used in the kitchen, bath and laundry water for garden and landscaping Newspaper recycling plan1.1 Hotels having this CriteriaCopenhagen No.1 Green hotel in the World.Eco star 1Stars 4 jam EuropeCountry DenmarkCopenhagen Towers in line with the Green Building normal is the graduation hotel in Denmark that has got linked with the UNs Global Compact. It has been considered t hat the building can saved about 1.373 tons of carbon dioxide annually and it has also been acquainted the golden pick up for being the roughly pioneering eco-favorable building. The Crowne shopping center Towers was constructed in 2009 using the most sophisticated renewable and most sustainable resources. check to the president of Copenhagen Hotel counselling, Sandeep Sander, the notion used by the hotel was to be to a greater extent sustainable first to produce most of the energy used and to save as much energy as possible.One of the key power saving initiatives is the mechanism of a groundwater found system, is al-Qaidad on the idea of recycling energy, and provides both heating and cooling system to all 366 hotel rooms, the conference room section, kitchen, restaurant, and the ancillary office building.Actions such as intelligence control of lightning and low-energy light sources have been taken to guarantee that the stinting consumption is kept low. The studyity of the part of the hotels IT infrastructure were used on universe of energy saving and renewability.Managing director for Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers, all in allan L. Agerholm acknowledged The bikes invite the guests to movement in new habits that benefits their personal health and wellbeing as well as the environment in general. The guests plainly provide the energy in the hotel. On one hand, the biking might represents an emblematic sustainable act. Yet on the new(prenominal) it also presents that the socio-eco-awareness now also apply for the service area.The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen has used this new construct- green concept- for the interests of the hotel, its employees and the guests. the prominent Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong, the Hotel Nikko Hongkong occupies one of the citys choicest locations in Tsimshatsui EastISO 14001 plus former(a) awards.Eco star 2Stars 5Location AsiaCountry Hong KongIn line with ISO 14001, Hotel Nikko Hong Kong has dedicated itself to the ecolog ical shield. Its utilization has been to give environment-friendly serve in their industry so as to be distinctive matched as compared to opposites. Its aim is to provide skilful perishable services for its guests. It has also committed itself into taking appropriate techniques to flummox out from defilement and towards the preservation of resources. To sponsor tourism marketing, Hotel Nikko has joined Friends of the Earths 2008-09 as a Saturn corporate member, the second highest contribution tier. The hotel trouble and staffs also helps to support environmental services to the guests so as to diminish wastage of natural resources and pollution through with(p) to the environment. To encourage its employees, the Green Innovator Award was the mechanism used to award the most innovative and convenient environment initiatives anticipated by the hotel. The concept used by Hotel Nikko Hong Kong is the 6R. The 6R concept consist of the following aspects Reduce, Reuse, Re go under , Repair, Refill and Recycle. The hotel has used this concept to control waste water organization. It is done in the safest way. The orchid- ECOTEL licensed by HVS Eco Services website has a wealth of good informationEco star 3Stars 5Location AsiaCountry IndiaA tree forever so grows from its roots e really building needs a strong baseThe Orchid Hotel is found in Mumbai and it is Asias first qualified environmental friendly five-star hotel and it has been approved the ISO 14001. They salutary think in having a sustainable development which can build up an learn whereDeluxe need not disturb, Comfort need not compromise and Enjoyment need not be insensitive.The insane asylum itself was designed particularly in such a way that is eco-friendly and even the resources used are sustainable and can be conserved. For the civil work, they have used Cement They have opted for the PPC (Portland Pozzalana Cement) which hold 15-20% drop ash, as compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) The ir internal partitions were built from wall panels made of compost waste and they can be reusable later. AAC (autoclaved aerated concrete) Water conservation by adopting the 6R theory Aerators/flow restrictors Sewage management plant Drip irrigation drunkenness water treatment (aquazone) Rubber wood Medium thickness fibre wood Reused wood Triple glazed windows1.2 environmental Management In the 1980s and 1990s environment pressures has greatly affected the various industries and straightaway it has fix such an important thing that it is not only modify the outputs but even the inputs and process. Hotel industry has provided a major benefit to topical anesthetic and national economies its growth has also put in danger the environment and socio-cultural area of where its developing. David Kirk (1981) argue that the hospitality sector is much affected as most hotels restaurant are situated near beauty and old places where the need to protect is greater and even to a greater ex tent vital. The addition of services to attract to a greater extent tourists has already affected such places and thus more constrains crops up when building such facilities.Moreover tourists dont care about their proceeding which contributes to the degradation of the environment. They expect to be pampered and dont pay attention to lashings of hot water, long time attesters, and massive hail of supply of towels, copious food and more the need to be taken to the airport in limousines. We can say that nothing can be done to reduce the amount of waste without the help of the tourists, even if manager applies new ways of doing in the management of waste guests plays an important role.Environmental management is such a considerable concept that it encloses aesthetic, cultural, ecological and social. There is a whole blown-up work that should be done to educate people about the unspecificness of a proper management of them.The hotel industry is one that consumes a apportion of e nergy as a huge amount is to provide babys dummy and service to guest that are ready to pay for a unequalled treatment and entertainment. The amount of energy varies from Hotels due to their size and volume of guests. In the investigation of Paulina Bohdanowicz (2001) she finds out that Heating and air conditioning represent the highest energy consumption and is even consuming twice as catering which can be found at the second position.There is a wide misconception in the hotel industry about decline of energy use. Tourism is not giving an important consideration to this aspect as in that location is no proper planning to directly influence the output of energy consumption. topical anaesthetic resources could be used like solar, wind, hydro these are excellent source of alternative energy as they have low impact over the environment. As tourism is a growing and evolving industry eco-(sustainable) tourism represent a currently small market but with time it may become the leading industry with millions of environmentalists and more consumers aware of environmental issues. Unfortunately more developers, planners believe that doing a sustainable development cost more and take more time. It will also provide less profits as more investment and less services will be acquirable.It is unbowed that green building erect many advantages like better economic opportunities, more comfort and convenience, better working and enhanced working environment, competitive advantage through the marketing and technology advancement, greater profits as building green cost less if it is correctly control and operated, offer an increase product and asset value as it represent the new era.The slogan think globally, act locally has been around in green politics for a long time but it is still very relevant. Problems are created at a local aim through the business, empty and activities provided by hotels. Robert F. Bruner (2004) promiscuously states that when you look around, it as if as economy has at rest(p) global, each one is copying on others ways of doing. These activities may end in effects on the environment at a local level and collectively at a national and global level therefore to change global trend one must change locally.Tourism intent is to offer service entertainment, comfort and luxury as well as a numerous range of services in an aggressive competitive market. There is a must to consume more energy to provide such services. The only way to control the output of such services is to get in close cooperation with all the stakeholders confused right at the beginning of the planning stage.1.3 Some Important events in Environmental management1956 Clean Air Act1970 Department of Environment established1972 publication of Limits to Growth1973 formation of Green Party1974 mold of Pollution Act1987 Montreal Protocol (CFC emissions)1987 Treaty of Rome1987 Bruntland Report (sustainable development)1987 HM Inspectorate of Pollution1990 European Environmental Agency1990 White Paper on Environmental Strategy1992 Rio Earth Summit Conference1993 UK National Sustainability Plan.Environmental management was given more importance with the rise of health paradox due to pollution from industries. Industries expanding themselves caused great damage to environment with the massive pollution they were doing. Without the interest of the highest level of an organization it is less likely that a keep phoner will involve itself in environmental management. Therefore to be able to do such thing there should be the participation of everyone in a company so that ideas develop flourish. The first step is to have a vision and to transform them into objective and targets with clear monitoring so as to have control and communication being done for everyone to go into the same direction. The next step is to conduct an environmental audit into the company so as to identify areas to be made targets.Environmental Management touches sector like pu rchasing policies, waste management and waste governing body in a company. A department should be created in army to fulfill those required task so as to enhance and to show a real endeavor towards environment protection.1.4 Environmental management in the hospitality industryNot much interest was put in the hospitality sector until the creation of the International Hotels Environment Initiative, which was launched by the Prince of Wales. The first main objective was to create a manual on environmental management for hotels. The Hotel Catering Institutional Management Association (HCIMA) and the World turn and Tourism Council have established an initiative on environmental management awareness. The programme, known as Green Globe, has as its main objective the aim to provide practical and low-cost means by which hospitality companies can follow rules to undertake environment improvements base on international guidelines. 1.5 Policies and Standards set for Eco-HotelsThere are sev eral places in the world whereby green hotels/ eco hotels are now being practiced. In most cases, by prospect up several laws and regulations on hotel social organisation, government has forced the hotels builder in constructing eco-hotels. There are also several associations which are fighting for a more eco-friendly buildings and hotels.A few key building environmental mind tools presently in use comprise of Canada LEED Canada / Green Globes China GBAS India Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) / GRIHA Japan CASBEE United States LEED / Living Building challenge / Green Globes / Build it Green / NAHB NGBS / International Green Construction jurisprudence International Green Construction Code (IGCC) United Kingdom BREEAMA few key building environmental assessment tools such as BREEAM (United Kingdom), and CASBEE (Japan) are a great help for the consumers in determining a structures aim and level of the environmental accomplishment. They reward credits for optional gimmick fe atures which sustain green model in categories such as the site location and upholding of building site, conservation of water, etc. The stage of achievements are therefore determined through the number of credits. governing bodys have begun to command a reduction in the use of energy and emissions. In US in the construction industry, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design also known as LEED, is being developed as a widely-accepted standard. The LEED support has been circumscribed by the U.S. Green Building Council to give facilities to all buildings to earn points in many categories, helping thus the hotel operators to be able to obtain certification for their existing services.They thus earn points by being sustainable inThe low energy use which reduces the release of air pollutants and greenhouse gasesBy reducing water consumption by 30% The use of cycle products to renovate.The use of innovative technologies that help in reducing energy consumption thus achieving ot her types of sustainability.There is on about 1,200 LEED-certified buildings till the end of 2008, most of which are new instead of renovated buildings.The government also plays a very significant role in the industrys eco- environment, not only by creating environmental resources to help the industry. The government officials also shared their acquired experience on ecological work with the practitioners. According to the United Nations Environmental Program, 2001, the French Ministry of spatial Planning and Environment along with some hotels has been sponsoring the making of teaching materials for environmental issues. The Hong Kong and French government also shows the importance of pursuing sustainable tourism by funding two cases.Referring to Hotels environmental management systems (ISO 14001) by Wilco W. Chan and Kenny Ho we can see the chart with the dissimilar departments and its aims. Introduced in China during the course 2003 with the publication of China Hotel Associatio ns standards for green hotels, it was targeted to build and develop 10,000 green hotels by 2010. In May 2007, URBN Hotels Resorts, a hotel situated in Shanghai, entered into an accord with Emissions Zero, a company which sells offsets greenhouse gas emissions. URBN plans was to calculate the hotel s total amount of energy consumed, to then purchase credits in tell apart to reduce its footprint by investing In the local green projects. In the islands where tourism industry is backbone for economic growth, due to the fear of losing developers, there is often a wishing of regulations. Two examples are Barbados and Jamaica, whereby they utilize silver raised to coordinating the Plan for a Sustainable Tourism and the Tourism Product Development Company. They have developed curriculums concerning sustainable practices for the different hoteliers. The Government initiatives for examples such as Energy Conservation Building Code 2007 are mostly focused on how to preserve environment. A new ordinance had been launched June 2007 clearly specified that only the energy performance requirements for all technical buildings will constructed in India.1.6 IPD Environment Code In February 2008 the IPD Environment Code, which was mantic to be a good practice global standard, has been launched. The Code was introduces in order to measure the environmental performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to accurately assess, evaluate and deal with the environmental impacts of commercial buildings. The Code covers a broad array of building types which have as aims to environmental plan creation Communicating a responsibility to the improvement of the environment. Create performance targets Environmental improvement plans Life cycle assessmentsUnited Nations (UN) has introduces an Agenda 21 which is connected to sustainable development, a blueprint of action. It is supposed to be taken internationally, on a national scale and locally by different types of organizations of t he UN, governments, and major groups that is in every part in which the humans has an effect on the environment. A great number of organizations, due to the increasing interest in eco-building concepts, are now developing the different standards and rating systems which are encourage the governments regulators as well as the construction professional in adopting eco-buildings with more conviction. There are also different codes being scripted which are now being adopted by the government in order to reduce the different environmental impacts of all the buildings.1.7 Eco activities offered to tourists by Eco-HotelsOver the past course of studys, the tourism industry has begun to promote and expand and some tourists adopted and back up the concept of ecotourism, especially in coastal and marine locations (Miller, 1991 Miller Auyong, 1991b Grenier et al.,). Ecotourism dates to year 1965 when Hetzer required a reconsidering of cultural education in tourism stage setting and promote d ecological tourism (eco-tourism). Today eco-tourism has become an international concept that makes up the principles of preservation, conservation and sustainable development. According to Valentine (1991) in the literature ecotourism is also recognised as adventure tourism, nature-oriented tourism, alternative tourism, appropriate tourism, soft tourism, responsible tourism, respectable tourism, environment-friendly travel, green tourism, sustainable tourism, and nature tourism. The list could be extended with other alternatives like equality tourism, ethnic tourism, cultural tourism, socio-ecological tourism, photo-safari tourism, dive tourism or surfing tourism. A tourist activity, a private venture or government service, and a guide for ethical conduct are some technical definitions given to ecotourism. For Hetzer (1965), responsible eco-tourism is assessed against four standards Minimum environmental impact Minimum impact on and maximum respect for host cultures upper limi t economic benefits to the host countrys grassroots and Maximum recreational satisfaction to move tourists.The Ecotourism Society, a non-profit organisation created in 1990 to serve tour operators, conservation professionals, defend area management specialists, researchers, and guides, among others, defines ecotourism as responsible travel that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people. For example in Shanti Maurice hotel, along with the local inhabitant, use composting for waste reduction. However, there is not yet any standard regularity to quantify the amount of ecotourism. Bangs (1992) notes that, while generic tourism increases around 4% annually, ecotourism is growing at a rate of 30%. Lindberg (1991) stated that nature-based tourism contributed between $2 and $12 billion in 1988 to the economies of developing nations. According to Miller (1993), today, demand for travel shows greater deviation and magnitude than ever before, so making the touris m industry the biggest business on the earth.The increase in availability of public transport, car ownership, outbound travel, and new interests in nature based ecotourism, with the increased leisure time implies a promise future to marine eco-tourism. As a result more on the lookout and detailed preparation and planning is necessary to accommodate the estimated arrival of tourists to coastal areas. But still ecotourism is often disadvantaged by limited access, lack of transport and poor resort facilities, including lodging facilities. It is essential to achieve a good balance between the development of leisure and the preservation of natural resources is to sustain the high quality of recreational activities. The concept of the 3s (sea, sand, sun) tourism is ever-changing to more sustainable tourism activities. There are different eco hotels which offer different activities to tourists depending on their surrounding environment. Hereunder is a list of eco hotels of different eco star ratings and the eco activities they offer to the tourists.3 star Eco hotelsLeaves and Lizards Arenal Volcano Cabin Retreat(Central America-Costa Rica)Guests translate about consequences of deforestation and its effects on biodiversity, climate and water during their stay at Leaves and Lizards. Information is shared and discussed during point tours, through casual conversations and written material in guests rooms.Activities available there to tourists are horse riding, clean water rafting, zip lines (Tyrolean traverse) and canyoning. Admirals Inn-north (America- USA)Information of all the local environmentally-friendly activities that are in the area, including beach walking and hiking are given to guests. Al Tarfa Desert recourse Lodge Spa- (Africa-Egypt)Al Tarfa is an adventure destination, offering daily activities such as guided walks in the desert, local community experiences, camel or horse rides inthedunes or 44 recalls to local pharaonic, as well as Islamic ruins and natural hot springs. Other rewarding experiences can be arranged, including trips to theadjacent Oases, theWhite Desert saved Area and theGilf Kebir National Park. Lake Manyara Tree Lodge- (Africa-Tanzania)This offers a number of specialist safaris as activities to guests. Ants Nest and Ants Hill- (South Africa) The aim of Ants Nest and Ants Hill is to provide a unequivocally flexible safari experience Club Afrodit- (Europe-Turkey)This hotel provides various activities like first light gymnastics, nature walks, tennis, ping-pong, aerobics, basketball, volleyball, darts, water polo. Eco-Lodge Itoror- (South America-Brazil)Eco-Lodge Itoror offers a range of activities from hiking tours to ahorseback riding and swim in the crystal-clear natural pool. Ferme de Candeloup- (Europe-France)This eco hotel also acts as a Yoga centre .During the Winter, a forty minute drive brings guests to the nearest ski station, which is also just a short walk to the Spanish border. Whitewater raftin g, horse riding and many other activities can also be pursued in the neighbourhood. For those of a more leisurely disposition, Candeloup is at the heart of the Juranon wine region, which begs to be explored. Finca del Buen Consejo- (South America-Ecuador)They offer activities in many of the local beautiful sites such as waterfall visits, bus climbing, fly fishing, and pre Inca civilization ruins Hotel Planinka- (Europe-Slovenia)Activities organised by the hotel for the guests allow mountain adventure park, paintball, hiking mountain biking, sledging, ice skating. Best Western Kamloops- (North America-Canada)In the area guests will find some of the finest golf courses in the country, horseback riding, mountain biking, hiking, fossil exploring, and Western Heritage visit. For more winter activities near is the excellent ski Sun Peaks Resort, which is quickly becoming one of the post-mortem examination ski areas in the country. Hosteria Huechulafquen- (South America-Argentina)Gues ts can enjoy different excursions with diverse clog levels like horseback riding, trekking, mountain biking, long walks, kayaking, bird watching, scenery hiking, and the hotel specialises in catch and release fishing. Ibo Island Lodge, Quirimbas Archipelago- (Africa-Mozambique)Ibo Island Lodge provides turtle and hatching viewing opportunities to guests to the island. Iglu-Dorf- (Europe-Switzerland and Germany)Activities available there are snow show walking, igloo building and sculpting. Inkaterra Machu Picchu- (South America-Peru) meeting eco-activities, such as bird watching or a guided orchid walk, are provided on their 12-acre grounds. Laguna del Lagarto Eco Lodge- (Central America-Costa Rica)The Lodge is operated in harmony with nature following extensive ecological guidelines. It is a perfect place for passionate bird-watchers and rain forest lovers. More than 10 km of well marked rainforest trails make birding and exploring easy, whether guests prefer to go alone or with a naturalist or birding guide. Matemo Island- (Africa-Mozambique)For guests who enjoy water sports, sailing, windsurfing, water go and banana boats, these activities are offered. Kayaks and snorkels are also available for guests to explore the islands clear waters. Rivertime resort and Ecolodge- (Asia-Laos)Rivertime resort and Ecolodge provide river tours to guests. And Tours most fascinating temples, monasteries, museums and many other sites of interest take guests to the city and local areas in the resorts minibus. Sosian Lodge-africa KenyaSosian offers a huge range of activities including walking, horse-riding, camel safaris, game-drives, night-drives, fishing, bird-shooting, archery, tennis and swimming in the waterfalls behind the ranch house.4 star Eco hotels Belvedere Bed Breakfast- (Europe-Italy) All sorts of activities, are provided at this hotel, like walking, trekking, mountaineering, cycling, skiing, snowboarding, snow shoeing or just relaxing surrounded by good food, wine and beautiful scenery. Brompton Lakes- (Europe-England)The site is directly on the bank to Coast long distance footpath and ideally placed for walking, cycling and other outdoor activities. There is also a tennis court, free mountain bike hire and small rowing boats on the lakes. Cedar crime syndicate Inn and Yurts- (North America-USA)Cedar House Inn and Yurts provide horseback riding, kayaking, canoeing, thermionic tube down the Etowah or Chestatee Rivers and swimming in Dicks Creek. Mountain biking on wiped out(p) trails or road bike on the same mountainous way used by professional racers is also available. Chem chem- (Africa-Tanzania)Guests at Chem chem can experience unforgettable walking safaris and bird watching excursions. Cotton Tree Lodge- (Central America-Belize)All guest excursions are focused on the local environment and community. Guests visit waterfalls, caves, Mayan ruins, wildlife reserves, an

Conservation of the Great Barrier Reef: is the Benefit worth the Cost?

saving of the undischarged rampart get down is the social welf ar expenditure the represent?IntroductionThe outstanding restraint bring down has been an motion checkic part of Australias global image for decades. It is considered one of the seven born(p) wonders of the world, it has been a world heritage site since 1981 and it is considered a asseverate delineation of Queensland. This stunning and difficult graphic imaging draws in more than than cardinal one million million million visitors a year, and yet there is immense controversy ring the conservation of the bring down. The non bad(p) bar let down is a sensitive purlieu that relies on the beal ecosystems contact the lower to function. The costal ecosystems issue the aquatic terrestrial link that supports the physical, biological and biogeochemical process that underpin the ecosystem wellness of the large barrier take down ( extensive obstruction reef Marine Park ascendence, 2012). The great obstacle get down provides Australians and pile worldwide galore(postnominal) social eudaimonias such as agricultural production, commercial and recreational fishing, touristry, recreation and environmental treasures. good Economic hold dear of the grand bar bring downThe big barrier reef provides sparing benefits when either preserved or destroyed. Environmentaland scotch concerns tend to raise controversy, whether it be land rights,natural choices, pollution or any other variety of environmental concerns.Public opinion is intemperately divided, some believe that the environment shouldcome first at any costs while others believe the thrift is of greaterimportance. There is no right or wrong answer. The truth is that economicbenefits often employment with environmental and social benefits. This effectsthe mien that policy makers make decisions, therefore it is very important thatthere is a way to pry environmental features within nature in monetary lines. Valuing nature in monetary terms caneffectively inform policy settings and answer industry, government, the knowledgecommunity and the wider public neary understand the contri howeverion of theenvironment to the economy and society. (Total economic valuate of the GreatBarrier lower what you need to know, 2017). In a world that is continually growing moreenvironmentally scrupulous it is important that there is a way to assistwith mutual dread of environmental and economic costs and benefits.Using the Total Economic measure out (TEV) framework a monetary order can be fit(p)environmental features such as the Great Barrier Reef. The aim of this prove isto provide an digest of the value of the Great Barrier Reef and provide acase for conserving the Great Barrier Reef and limitingor modifying the main activities or driving forces that are hurlting pressure ofthe Reefs overall health. What is Total Economic Value (TEV)?TEV is a cost-benefit psychoanalysisframework apply for valuing a natural resource and comparing the cost andbenefit of having said resource to the cost and benefit of not having it. Asrepresented in figure 1 below, there are many unalike types of determine, themain two being office values and non-use values. strain 1 Total Economic Value Framework (Total economic value of the Great Barrier Reef what you need to know, 2017) Putting a monetary value on a naturalresource is a complex task and therefore all values must be reviewed andunderstood. For example the Great Barrier Reef is an figureic Australian image,as an characterization the Great Barrier Reef holds icon value which is internationally important on not only tourism but politics and caper as well.Identifying the Costs and receiptss of Great Barrier Reef ConservationCost well-being analysis (CBA) is aprocess that attempts to measure the positive and minus consequences ofsomething. CBA measures externality effects, social benefits and effects onboth participants and no n-participants. loving Benefits of Great Barrier Reef ConservationThe Great Barrier Reef holds asignificant number of social benefits that need to be reviewed when consideringthe TEV or a CBA of the reef. In a radical of this size not all benefits can bereviewed, just the most major social benefits and costs depart be briefly discussed.The Great Barrier Reef has been an important resource for thousands of years,stretching back to when the indigenous population lived within the coastal battlegrounds surrounding the Great Barrier Reef. Today the reef is used and wanted asa place for people to visit and enjoy. The reef has provided over 54000 fulltime jobs for Australians by destines of fishing and tourism (At what price? Theeconomic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef, 2017). The reef isalso an important sector for culture, recreation, scientific research and defenceforce training (McCook et al., 2010). Even through indirect use the GreatBarrier Reef effects millio ns of people purely by existing. Having a pristinecoastal and marine area to use for recreational activities promotes a healthierlifestyle, this is a social benefit that provides a healthier population andtherefore in the long term decreases medical costs. There is a similarsituation regarding air pollution. Having a healthy coastal environment andhealthy marine environment would help to increase clean air and reduce airpollution, this again would slenderize medical costs in the long term and promote ahealthy lifestyle. Social Costs of Great Barrier Reef ConservationIt can be argued that the conservationof the Great Barrier Reef provide have a negative effect on jobs due to the occurrencethat reef conservation has a negative effect on coal mining and shippingroutes. In order to protect the reef costal nurture must be regulated andminimised and this provide have a significant effect on population harvest-festival and willeconomically effect coastal towns. Conservation of the r eef does notnecessarily mean removing all profitable practices from the reef. Conservationcan mean that economic action may remain but only in a way that issustainable. Great Barrier Reef conservation will result in decreased growthrate for jobs within mining, fishing, agricultural and tourism sectors.Although growth rates for jobs would have to slow in the long term picture thejobs that are created would be created to last. As population size willcontinue to grow it must be determined if the conservation of the Great BarrierReef will be enough to support many coastal and inland communities in northQueensland. The biggest driving force for the support of development of pertlycoal mines and coastal ports in north Queensland is the promise of new jobs forthe people living in proximity to the Great Barrier Reef. measuring stick the costs and benefits of Great Barrier Reef conservationBenefits of the Great Barrier ReefBenefitBenefit fibreEconomic Value TypeValuation MethodRecreatio nal BenefitsSocial BenefitDirect exampleBoth visitors and residents use the Great Barrier Reef for recreational activities. The croak cost method would be used to determine the amount of money that people spent travelling in order to use the reef for recreational activities.About 60 per cent of recreational visitors visit the Reef between one and 10 times in a year, but a small proportion (about 15 per cent) visit the area more than 50 times a year. Recreational use (including recreational fishing) contributed $153 million to the Australian economy in 2006/07. The exact contribution of the non-fishing component is not known. (Gbrmpa.gov.au, 2017)Economic SustainabilityPrivate BenefitDirect white plagueBy maintaining the health of the Great Barrier Reef it will continue to be an summation and supply jobs to the local area. Economic Sustainability can be valued apply the Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost MethodsCultural BenefitsSocial BenefitBequest Value Altruist ValueExistence ValueIcon ValueMany Australians take pride in the natural phenomena within the country and are inclined to protect it for the use of hereafter generations. Hedonic pricing would be used to determine the benefit of the reef in terms of cultural and aesthetic value.Health BenefitsSocial BenefitDirect UseCleaner air and promotion of recreational activities will have health issues decrease and money will be rescue on Medicare. Health Benefits would be measured using the contingent rating method.Scientific ResearchSocial and Private BenefitDirect UseThe Great Barrier Reef can continue to be used for scientific research that may one day supply valuable research.Fishing industryPrivate BenefitDirect useThe use of the reef for commercial fishing can be valued using the market price method, as fish can be valued within a commercial market.Tourism IndustrySocial BenefitDirect UseThe use of the reef for tourism can be valued using the productivity method or the con tingent valuation method as the reef supplies many products and services within the tourism industry.Costs of the Great Barrier ReefOptions for quantifying the costs and benefits of Great Barrier Reef conservationIt appears that the best(p) way todetermine a monetary value of the Great Barrier Reef is the total economicvalue (TEV) framework. This framework has been used many times by manydifferent organisations and repeatedly appears to have consistent conclusions.Oxford Economics assessed the TEV of the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and came tothe conclusion that it is worth 51.4 billion dollars (Valuing the effects ofGreat Barrier Reef bleaching, 2017), and in 2017 Deloitte economists determinedthat the value of the Great Barrier Reef stood at 56 billion dollars (At whatprice? The economic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef, 2017). TheTEV framework effectively encompasses the superlative range of costs, benefits andvalues out of all other frameworks. When using cost benefit analysis (CBA) theindirect benefits are not considered in the same way that they are with the TEVapproach. It was determined in the Deloitte economists report that the secondmost valuable reflexion of the Great Barrier Reef was indirect or non-use value at23.8 billion dollars, second to only tourism which was determined to be worth astaggering 29 billion dollars. It is clear that the TEV framework is the bestsystem currently within use.ConclusionThe final thoughts on the musical theme ofevaluating the value of the Great Barrier Reef, one of the worlds greatestnatural resources, is that currently the best and most effective way to put amonetary value on the reef is to use the TEV approach. This resource mustpreserved and Australia must not allow this resource to compose abused anddestroyed, it is one of the countrys greatest resources and is such an iconicimage that represents Australia as a whole. The value that this brings throughnon-use value is irreplaceable and is in no way worth destroying for aneconomic trade off. ReferencesDeloitte main course Economics 2013, Economiccontribution of the Great Barrier Reef, Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkAuthority, Townsville.Ecosystemvaluation.org. (2017). MarketPrice Method. online visible(prenominal) athttp//www.ecosystemvaluation.org/market_price.htm Accessed 5 Aug. 2017.Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2017). Coastal developmentand protecting the Great Barrier Reef GBRMPA. online open athttp//www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/threats-to-the-reef/coastal-development-and-protecting-the-great-barrier-reef.Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2017). Recreation GBRMPA. online Available at http//www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/how-the-reefs-managed/Managing-multiple-uses/recreation Accessed 5 Aug. 2017. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority(2017). Ports and tape drive information sheet. pp.1-7.Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority(2012). Informing the outlook for Great Barrier Reef coastal ecosystems.Townsville Great Barrier Reef Ma rine Park Authority, pp.1 18.Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority(2009). Coastal development. pp.1-2.Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority(2004). Environmental Impact Management Policy. pp.1-10.Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority(2014). 2014 Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report. Great Barrier Reef OutlookReport. online Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, pp.5-18. Availableat http//www.gbr.qld.gov.au/documents/gbr-outlook-report-2014-full.pdf.Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority(2009). 2009 Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report. Great Barrier Reef OutlookReport. online Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, pp.1-12. Availableathttp//www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3843/OutlookReport_Full.pdf.Greenpeace. (2017). peg Goes the Reef. online Available athttp//www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/6607/gbrmpa_EIM_Policy_2010.pdf.McCook, L., Ayling, T., Cappo, M., Choat,J., Evans, R., De Freitas, D., Heupel, M., Hughes, T., Jones, G., Mapstone, B.,M arsh, H., Mills, M., Molloy, F., Pitcher, C., Pressey, R., Russ, G., Sutton,S., Sweatman, H., Tobin, R., Wachenfeld, D. and Williamson, D. (2010). Adaptivemanagement of the Great Barrier Reef A globally significant demonstration ofthe benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the contentAcademy of Sciences, 107(43), pp.18278-18285.Moore, T. (2017). International concernabout LNG industrys impact on Reef. online Brisbane Times. Available athttp//www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/international-concern-about-lng-industrys-impact-on-reef-20111106-1n2fx.html.Queensland Department of Environment andHeritage Protection (2013). Draft report on the economic and social impacts ofprotecting environmental values in Great Barrier Reef catchment waterways andthe reef lagoon. Marsden Jacobs, pp.38-117.Total economic value of the Great BarrierReef What you need to know. (2017). 1st ed. ebook Deloitte Access Economics,pp.4 9. Available athttps//barrierreef.org/uploads/Total%20econo mic%20value%20of%20the%20Great%20Barrier%20Reef%20-%20Need%20to%20know.pdfAccessed 9 Aug. 2017.Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reefbleaching. (2017). 1st ed. ebook Saint Aldates Oxford Economics, pp.1 80.Available athttps//www.oxfordeconomics.com/Media/Default/economic-impact/sustainability-and-climate-change/gbrfoxford.pdfAccessed 13 Aug. 2017.Stoeckl, N., Hicks, C., Mills, M.,Fabricius, K., Esparon, M., Kroon, F., Kaur, K. and Costanza, R. (2011). Theeconomic value of ecosystem services in the Great Barrier Reef our state ofknowledge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1219(1), pp.113-133.At what price? The economic, social andicon value of the Great Barrier Reef. (2017). online Deloitte Economics.Available athttps//www2.deloitte.com/content/ dam up/Deloitte/au/Documents/Economics/deloitte-au-economics-great-barrier-reef-230617.pdfAccessed 14 Aug. 2017.

A Case Study Of Uninor

A Case Study Of UninorAs the centre of economic activity shifts towards east, Multinational slews ar more and more adopting the inorganic r forbiddene to get onth in these grocerys. Mergers Acquisitions, spliff ventures and strategic entirelyiances be fair the vehicle for establishing presence in trade places give care India, China and South Africa. winning as they may seem, Mergers Acquisitions and Joint Ventures sop up in like manner been the most building complex transactions involving pecuniary, profession and heathen issues. through with(predicate) this project, we in exd to understand the motives which tantalize such transactions. Also, we intend to understand the parameters which argon crucial to fixate all JV make for. We accommodate chosen to study the fiercely emulous Indian telecommunicationmunicationmunicationmunicationmunication commercialise for our study as it has seen numerous International players entry trend the lucrative market thro ugh Joint Ventures.Our society for the study is Uninor, which is also one of the lushest festering refreshing entrants in the empyrean. What makes the illustration of Uninor more interesting is the unique combination of Indias second largest real estate confederation, Unitech Ltd and Norway- viled Telenor, the sixth largest ready communications group in the world. The top management is worn from Telenors spherical telecom specialists as closely as Indians who have topical anaesthetic expertise in developing telecom go in India. In this context, the cultural dimension to finis making in Uninor assumes enormous importance.Through the course of this study, we shall first look at mergers and scholarships as a nub to expand for companies. The key drivers, the specific motives as well as the examples cerebrate to situations which may mandate an MA transaction instead of maturement organi rallying cryy. In the next section, we shall look at the Indian telecom persever ance and its early potential for growth, major trends and the political sym racetrackies regulations which have defined the industry and catalyzed Joint Ventures among abroad and Indian firms.Then, we shall move everyplace to the analysis of India according to Porters rhombus model and the cultural synchrony betwixt India and Norway according to Hofstedes cultural dimensions. These analyses shall enable us to evaluate the paradigms of this Joint Venture.Subsequently, we shall analyze key components of Uninors dodge in India and also its performance in the past form. We shall also look at its future growth strategy and the hurdles to achieving its targets. We shall conclude our study by looking at the transformative effect of strategic alliances and the Uninor case in India. initiationThe phrase mergers and acquisitions refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management transaction with the purchase, selling and combining of diametrical companies th at tush aid, finance, or help a growing political gather in upy in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create an opposite business entity. An acquisition is also cognise as a takeover or buyout, in which one beaten(prenominal)ity buys the different(a) (target comp all). When two companies come together and form a unfermented company altogether, it is kn birth as merger. On the contrary, an acquisition nookie be friendly or hostile depending on the size of the players involved.Acquisition usually refers to the takeover of a smaller firm by a large firm. However, one preempt nonice roughlytimes an acquisition of a big company by a smaller one. This phenomenon is kn aver as a reverse takeover. The acquisition reverse at is very complex with many dimensions influencing its outcome. at that control are many reasons why a company seeks acquisition. One is that some vital resource may be otherwise difficult to maintain for the firm, especially if the resou rce is necessary to adapt and function successfully at heart the local environment. The next list, not an exhaustive one, gives few motives for company pursuit International expansion.Geographic and Industrial DiversificationAccelerating GrowthIndustry integrationUtilization of Lower Raw Material and Labor apostrophizes supplement Intangible AssetsMinimizing Tax LiabilitiesAvoiding Entry BarriersFluctuating Exchange Rates adjacent(a) CustomersFor instance, an alive company may have personnel that the investor cannot easily contain at a true price on its own. By buying an live company, the buyer gets not only labor and management besides also the organizational structure of the target company.In accessory, a company can also recognise the good will and brand recognition the local company has which is important for marketing mass consumer products, especially in a unexampled market. One can also take financial considerations in few cases. For example, if a company depe nds substantially on local financing rather than on the transfer of capital may scrape it easier to gain access to local capital through an acquisition. Local suppliers divulge it relatively easy and are more comfortable interacting with an already existing company rather than a extraneous unloadprise.In few cases, companies bring out acquisitions as a means to thin out be and risks compared to setting up a fully owned subsidiary. A company may be able to buy facilities, particularly those which are performing poor for less(prenominal) than the approach of novel construction. This saves a lot of money to the company. If an investor has a cultism that a market does not justify added capacity, the risk of depressed prices and pass up unit gross sales per producer occurs if it adds one more producer to the market is avoided by acquisition.A company may choose to build ifNo desired company is available for acquisitionAcquisition will data track to carry over problemsAcquisit ion is harder to financeStrategic AlliancesAlliances can be described based on their objectives and where they fit in a firms honor chain. In terms of objectives, one can assume that scale alliances read at providing efficiency through risk pooling i.e. pooling of similar assets so that individual partners can carry out business activities in which they already have good fel bustedship. On the other hand, link alliances make use of completing resources to expand into new business areas. for each one organization dischargeing into a cross-border alliance has its own objectives for operating internationally. Further some alliances take place between partner entities functioning on a different train of nourish chain, known as vertical alliance, and sometimes on the equivalent level of value chain known as horizontal alliance.On a broader scale, the objectives for cross-border mergers can be divided into the following triplet categories which were refined earlier.Sales expan sion resourcefulness acquisitionRisk minimizationThe following section describes in detail the influence of each of these objectives on the ending of a merger.General MotivesTo Spread and reduce costsTo manufacture or sell in foreign countries, any company must invite certain fixed costs. If the volume of business is small, it is cheaper for the company to outsource the work to a specialist rather than regale it internally. The outsourcing agent can scattering the costs to more than one company and thus reap the benefits of economies of scale. If the business ontogenys, then the company can rethink its plan of outsourcing and produce everything internally. The company handling the performance or sales can lower its second-rate costs by covering its fixed costs more fully. On the other hand, the outsourcing company does not have to incur the fixed costs that otherwise be supercharged to a small amount of production volume thus overburdening the customers in turn.To Specialize in CompetenciesEach company has a unique combination of competencies. It is better for a company to support on those activities that best fits its competencies and improve its performance and leaving out the other activities in which the core competency of the firm does not lie. This concentration can be horizontal as well as vertical.To Avoid or Counter CompetitionIt is not common to notice few markets that are not large enough to hold many competitors. ITC, for example, observed this phenomenon and pre-empted the contest to emerge as a big player in the Indian industry. Any potential threat should be nipped in the bud itself. sometimes companies also combine resources to fight a market leader and make out the profits jointly. For example, Coca-Cola and Danones joint effort to challenge PepsiCo and Nestle can be viewed as one such strategic move.To secure Vertical and horizontal LinksIt is clear that there are numerous potential cost savings and supply assurances in case of a vertical integration. However, sometimes companies lack the competency or the resources necessary to manage the complete value and supply chain. In these instances it is common to notice a merger. For example, LUKOIL has torrential anele reserves nevertheless as it lacked final distribution skills, in addition to making acquisitions abroad, it also made arrangements in countries that ensure a good market for its petroleum.Horizontal links provide finished products and components. For such kindhearted of finished products, economies of scope can be achieved in distribution by having a full line of products to sell thus increasing the sales per fixed cost of a visit to potential customer.To Gain fellowshipIn the present competitive world innovating new ideas to develop products and induce them is necessary to gain an edge over the rival. Many companies go for a merger to learn about a partners technology, operating methods so their own competencies will broaden and deepen, makin g them more competitive in the future. We can consider the example of Chinese political sympathies that allows foreign companies to tap the Chinese market in exchange for their transfer of technology.Specific MotivesTo gain Location-specific AssetsThe following factors create barriers for companies that want to operate abroad.CulturalPoliticalCompetitive economic differencesGoing for a merger or an acquisition equips the company to handle these differences and thus providing profitability. For example, Walmart first tried to enter Japanese market but withdrew its operations only to return with a Japanese partner, Seiyu, which is more familiar with local tastes and rules for opening new stores.To Overcome Governmental ConstraintsFew nations desire compulsory presence of a domestic player as a partner in the operations of a foreign company plot of ground few dont. In this case a merger is more favorable. The effectual factors which constraint may beDirect prohibitions against cert ain operating firms substantiative prohibitions (regulations affecting profitability)Mergers and Acquisitions that take place across countries allow for greater spreadhead of assets among the partner nations.To Diversify Geographi bodeyOperations in many countries (diversification geographically) can smoothen the companys sales and earnings as the business cycles occur at different times within different countries. Though this might not be the actual reason for diversification this does play a chela role in decision making. Mainly, if a product conditions favor a diversification rather than a concentration strategy, over referable to product vitality cycle etc, then there exists a strong reason for establishing foreign presence by collaborative arrangements, mergers. The higher(prenominal) the risk managers perceive in a foreign market, the greater their desire to form collaborative arrangements in that market.Problems with Mergers and other alliancesHaving discussed in detail t he reasons why a company goes for a cross-border merger, it also makes sense to highlight the difficulties that arise while collaborating with another company.Each of the above factors is very important while considering a decision to make grow or merge with another company. The stake involved, the management attention, cultural differences, constituent to the merger etc play a key role in its success. telecom industry in IndiaIntroductiontelecommunicationmunications industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India and also one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. telecom Industry is evaluated with the following parametersNumber of referees According to the Telecom regulative Authority of India (TRAI), the number of tele mobilize subscriber base in the arena reached 653.92 meg as on May 31, 2010Growth rate An attach of 2.49 per cent from 638.05 million in April 2010.Teledensity (Telephones per 100 people) Overall teledensity in India has reached 55. 38 several(prenominal) major investmentsThe attractiveness of the telecom market has resulted in high investments from across the world which was the reason for entry of numerous foreign players and introduction of new services. Recent arouseding for 3G network spectrum allocation was one of the most followed biddings due(p) to the high stakes involved for some of the best players in telecom industry.According to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the telecommunications sector which involves radio receiver paging, fluid services and radical telephone services attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) worthy US$ 2,554 million during 2009-10. The cumulative flow of FDI in the sector during April 2000 and March 2010 is US$ 8,930.61 million.The Merger and Acquisition deals in telecom industry were worth US$ 22.73 one million million during April-June 2010, which represented 67.19 per cent of the thorough overtaking valuation of the deals across all the sec tors during the period analyzed.Some of the recent Mergers and Acquisitions includeReliance Communication Ltd that merged GTL infrastructure Ltd, its telecom tower business, for US$ 11 billionOther major MA deals included getting of Kuwait-based Zain telecoms African business for US$ 10.7 billion by BhartiAirtelAcquisition of Infotel wideband for US$ 1032.26 million by Reliance IndustriesNorway-based telecom operator Telenor has bought a further 7 per cent in Unitech Wireless for a weeny over US$ 431.3 million. Telenor now has 67.25 per cent hold of the company spic-and-span trends- The Gamechangers3G servicesPublic sector companies phonely BSNL and MTNL have already launched their 3G services across India in all 22 circles. The other companies (All of them were private entities) took part in a 3G auction process that was held to give 3G licenses in all the 22 circles. The bidding started after numerous political interventions s stand out it for almost 2 years. The process start ed with a lot of media attention mainly due to the delay in the process and the amount of investments that were pass judgment, especially for all India license.The process was completed using an e-bidding process that was held simultaneously with broadband receiving set auctions for a period of 34 days. The auction prices went beyond expectations.A pan-India bid for tierce generation spectrum stood at US$ 3.6 billion. However no operator could bid and obtain the pan India license. The Anil Ambani-led Reliance Communication bagged the highest number of 13 circles at a cost of US$ 1.9 billion, followed by BhartiAirtel in 12, fancy in 11 and Vodafone and the Tatas in nine circles each, according to the Department of Telecommunications. boorish telephonyOne concern that remains in the telecom industry is the penetration to rural India that has not been up to the expected levels till now. visor Minister, Manmohan Singh opined, Although the growth in the last few years has been truly dazzling and our tariffs are among the lowest in the world, vast stretches of our rural population have little or no telecom penetration. Rural tele-density is salvage in single digits. I had heard of plans for a Phone in each Village some twenty years ago. We have not still reached that goal. This is why we have emphasized telecom connectivity in our Bharat Nirman programme.TRAI suggested the following in 2008-09 reportIt has been observed that despite several attempts over the last ten years, telecom infrastructure in rural areas is lagging behind the expected levels. thither has been a phenomenal spurt in the growth of tele-density in the country with the evolution of new wireless technologies, but the gap between the urban and rural teledensity has been increasing.As can be seen in the estimate the growth of telecom in rural India has been lagging and hence the government and TRAI are giving stricter guidelines to telecom companies about the rural penetration. Hence teleco m penetration would play a vital role in telecom operators strategy for the coming years.Mergers and Acquisitions in Telecom in IndiaAs already discussed there are many reasons for a company to pursue the path of Mergers and Acquisitions. In telecom industry in India some of the reasons why companies take up M A areGeneral motivesTo spread and reduce costsTo specialize in competenciesTo gain knowledgeSpecific motivesTo gain location-specific assetsTo overcome governmental constraintsTo diversify geographicallyOne reason that stands out the most in these set of factors is the governmental constraints. The governmental constraints in telecom industry are laid out through Department of Telecom and they are monitored by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. The constraints on foreign investment in India are as followsFDI upto 100% inTelecom manufacturingISPs without gatewaysInfrastructure provider (IP) ICall CentresIT enabled servicesFDI upto 74% inISPs with gatewaysIP IIRadio Pagin gFDI upto 49% in other telecom servicesCellularBasicNLD and other services evaluate strategy path in Telecom sector in India hobby graph shows the Price sensitivity of the market versus the cost leadership that a company should achieveIndiaPrice SensitivityCost leadership specialityAny company that wants to enter the Indian market should look at attaining cost leadership as the market is highly price sensitive. Cost leadership can be achieved through economies of scale if the partnering firm is an existing telecom player with established network resources.Motives for going Global for any companyUninors motives for going GlobalSpreading costsAchieving specializationAvoiding ambitiousness in domestic marketSecuring Vertical and Horizontal linksGaining technical foul expertiseIncrease revenue to sustain growthTapping new markets due to saturation of domestic marketDiversifying geographically i.e. International presenceHofstede cultural dimension differences between India and NorwayC ountryPDIIDVMASUAIIndia77485640Norway3169850PDI Power Distance major powerIDV IndividualismMAS MasculinityUAI Uncertainty Avoidance IndexSource agnize Hofstede Scores -ITIM InternationalHofstedes cultural DimensionINDIANORWAYPower Distance real High. In India the level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as well as the leadersLow. The inequality in power distribution in Norway is very lessIndividualismModerately high. Collectivism is expected to the levels of family ties to a very large extent and has no political sense truly High. The transactionhips between individuals are weak limited to his/her immediate familyMasculinityHigh. more than preference is given to the materialistic gains in IndiaLow. In Norway feminine set such as quality of life are given more preferenceUncertainty AvoidanceLow. Opinions are subjected to change. More oriented towards the credence of uncertaintyModerately High. People in Norway are less seeming to accept uncertaintyAccording to the survey conducted by Hofstede among IBM employees India has power blank index as the where as in Norway Individualism is ranked higher than the other cultural dimensions. From the above figure it is clearly evident that there are significant cultural differences between India and Norway. The western management theories and practices that are successful in Norway may not work well in India. Indians hold different cultural core values than their western income tax return parts. The Indian culture is hierarchical where the cultural norms have changed the way of thinking which affects various management operations, which Norwegian firms may find it difficult to understand. There is a huge difference between Indian and Norwegian work culture.In India a little authority is given to the middle management or lower management in decision making, in prevalent top management beholds the full authority to make decisions. Whereas in Norway decision making process in a conflict situation invol ving individuals of different levels of seniority. The management style in India is less aggressive in similitude with Norwegian style. Indians prefer male values such as competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition and the accumulation of wealth and materialistic possessions whereas in Norway people prefer young-bearing(prenominal) values such as relationships and quality of life. In Norway people are more oriented to develop and display their individual personalities and to choose their own affiliations than in India.Porters Diamond Model for IndiaDemandIndia consists of a population of 1.14 billion, 17.31% of the worlds population. It has just about 300 million population of highly consumable middle association status. India is ranked second in the world in terms of having the largest telecommunication network, after china with more than 653 million subscribers. The telecom market in India has been growing by 20 to 40 percent every year since past 3 years. And is expected to grow with a CAGR of 11% in the coming next 10 years. The Indian telecom market is estimated to be $8 billion in 2010. 83% of market share comprises of basic service providers and only 17% value added service providers. Emerging technologies like 3G and penetration of internet in telecom sector are going to be growth drivers in the Indian telecom industry because of increase in demand for latest technologies.Supporting IndustriesThe Indian telecom industry has vast range of state of the art telecom equipment manufacturers. The production of telecom equipment is valued at $12.3billion in 2010. Indian imports of telecom equipment accounted for 21% of US equipment production in 2009. Further Indian mobile companies strengthened their market position by launching various handsets. Indian mobile phone brands consists of 14% markets share. Telecommunication equipment major Nokia Siemens is planning source components worth $28.5 billion from India in 2010-11. In 2009 it sourced components worth $20 billion. Indian telecom equipment production is estimated grow at a CAGR of 17.1% to reach $25 billion by 2014. India is fast uphill as a hub for international telecom Manufacturing and the production and exports of telecom equipment in the country have been on a steady rise. Leading global players have made significant investments in setting up manufacturing and RD facilities in India, with many more being planned.Resource EndowmentIndia is a knowledge pool with cheap labor. Indian telecom industry has skilled labor available at low cost. With abundant skills availability, there are large swathes of lower tier vendors who can still compete on costs.Industry Structure and Firm StrategyIndian telecom industry is the worlds cheapest service provider. Indian telecom market has viewed a tremendous average growth rate of 40% for the last 3 years. It has become very competitive recently with advent of global players after the government made a policy change allowing FDI up to 74% in telecom industry. Major players are rapidly increasing their market share by continuously improving their network coverage, technology, customer relations by offering their services at significantly lower prices. innovative entrants like Virgin mobile, Aircel etc. are trying to position themselves as low cost value added service providers focusing on emerging technologies.Telenor is the worlds 7th largest telecommunications service provider and it aims to be a leading global mobile operator by leveraging on its international experience and technological expertise. It wants to achieve its goal by focusing on three regionsConsolidation of its position in the voice market through global expansions, acquisitions, mergers and JVs/partnershipsMobile to Mobile communications and financial servicesTelecom/media/IT convergence, in the main through third-party applications and servicesUNINOR- The GenesisUnitech Wireless won a wireless services licence for all 22 Indian telecom circles in20 08. In early 2009, Unitech Group and Telenor agreed on a majority take-over by Telenor of Unitechs wireless business. Telenor acquired a 33%, 49% and 60% stake in the company in March, May and November 2009, respectively. In September, the mobile operation changed its name to Uninor. On October 19 2009, the Cabinet Committee (CCEA) announced approved Telenors acquisition of up to 74% in Unitech Wireless.UNINOR PresenceUninor launched its service in India in December in 8 telecom circles. It turned out to be the speediest telecom rolling wave-out in India. Within 5 months, it entered five more circles including the metros of Mumbai and Kolkata.Uninor has its headquarters at Gurgaon and 11 regional headquarters in the following citiesKolkata Kolkata, westerly Bengal Orissa rotary converterDelhi / Noida (NCR) Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand Rajasthan CirclePatna Bihar Jharkhand CircleMumbai Mumbai, Maharashtra GujaratLucknowGuwahatiChandigarhIndoreAhmedabadChennai Chennai, Tamil NaduBangalore Karnataka CircleHyderabad Andhra Pradesh CircleKochi- Kerala CircleUninors Strategic AlliancesUninor has outsourced its major running(a) functions to established players with proven expertise. The operational model is based on low-cost operations with a stepwise network-build up, infrastructure sharing, comparatively cheap GSM equipment sourced from international markets, and IT-outsourcing.Uninor has entered into network and base seat service agreements with partners with expertise in given areas like-Wireless-TT Info Service special(a) for Tower sharing agreementsAlcatel-Lucent, Huawei Technologies India, Nokia Siemens Networks and Ericsson Telecommunications for network and radio equipment.Wipro Technologies for integrated IT services.UNINORs Strategy in IndiaUninor based its growth model in the fiercely competitive Indian market by providing value to the customers through a new tariff, called Dynamic Pricing. Dynamic Pricing is an innovative pr icing strategy that Uninor has pioneered in which the customer is charged different charges depending on the location and the network to which the call is made. Going by the maximum discount offered by the company, a one-minute call could cost as low as 24 paise compared to 60 paise charged by other operators.UNINOR- Performance in IndiaIn the month of June, Uninor topped the list of new mobile operators by adding maximum connections to the tune of 1.01 million. The new mobile service providers together accounted for 1.65 million which was 13.5% of the total mobile subscriber additions during this period.Source Share Khan Brokerage report on Telecom sector, 16th July 2010Uninor had added just 2.1m active subscribers i.e. just 50% of the reported 4.3m as of Mar-10. The company defines active subscribers as those that used network during last 30 days. Even on active subscribers, ARPU at Rs 86 suggests low habitude especially given that mobile revenues could have a higher role from a ctivation fee during the launch period. The tariff cuts aimed at increasing the drug user might be a reason for the low ARPU.The new mobile operators including Etisalat DB, Loop , Uninor, Videocon, and STel added just 1.7 million new users in June 2010. Uninor added 10 hundred thousand subscribers during this period. It is around 15 per cent of 12.29 million new subscriber base added during this duration by the industry.As a result, barring Uninor, none of the other players has managed to get even 1% market share of the 456-million subscriber GSM mobile market.According to the TRAI licence conditions, new operators are required to complete roll out in all the circles within three years and that deadline is fast approaching.CAPEX Guidance Lowered by TELENORTelenor cut back its India capex guidance by 25% i.e. Rs5.5bn for FY10. Uninor reasoned this to a combination of lack of spectrum, the stringent surety clearance process for equipments and the need to adjust roll-out speed for di stributors. Uninor may find it tough to retain traffic beyond 1-2 quarters given the low level of tariffs already.Uninor has rolled out 18,000 cell sites (which was around 13,300 at end-Dec 2009). Uninor is before long operating in 13 circles with subscriber base of 43 lakhs (which was 1.2 million at December end 2009).ConclusionThrough the course of the study, we assessed the reasons which make MA and other means of inorganic growth, the preferred route to enter a market for international corporations. We tried to list down the motives and the passel behind such cross border transactions. We realized that a different range of parameters drive MAs globally. They can range from getting around government regulations to gaining a first mover advantage in a growing market.As more global corporations try to establish their foothold over the emerging markets, we witness interesting new trends. Their entry into emerging markets is increasingly by partnering with the local companies. Thi s is perhaps also catalyzed by government regulations which qualify maximum FDI limits for multinational corporations from abroad.We also looked at factors which contribute to the decision to enter/not enter a particular market for a corporation including the competitive advantage to the corporation and the cultural synergies between the parent market of the company and the new prospective market.We chose the extremely dynamic telecom sector for our analysis as it has seen numerous international players enter through the JV route. We analysed the dynamics of the telecom sector and the fallout of the recent 3G spectrum allocations on the sector.Uninor is the case we took for analyzing the actual details of an existing JV. We chose Uninor as its unique in the way that unitech wireless had no pri

Importance of Reputation in Othello

Importance of nature in Othello report is very important when one needs to grapple whom to trust and what judgments can be make well-nigh a reason. The report of three characters in the melt down Othello by Shakespeare recreates important intention in determining the eventual dissolving agents of the play. The repeal results of the play would keep back been different if Iago had non been kn ingest as a honest person or Othello non being a noble military man and in addition if Cassios repute had non been tarnished. Iago himself states that, report is an idle and most false imposition, very much got with give away deserve and lost without deserving (Havoc, par.7). Reputation would bring about good judgment, some(prenominal) in the decisions make and those some others makes about a given character. A gun is someone who confronts issues beyond the social rules, who in their physical journey encounters innate conditions of life and understandsThe Epic of Gilgamesh co vers every aspect of great epical literature, that is raving mad geographies and exotic characters tiresome quests and hard journeys victorious battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Literatures stand been used doneout hitarradiddle of civilization to express a classification of cultural issues. The episode of Mesopotamian Noah, as is evident with, the character Utnapishtim, who was advised to physique a great boat and fill it with animals and his family to escape flooding, has been related to scriptural Noah and therefore the Epic of Gilgamesh has received biblical critics (eNotes.com, par.1). The social structure and set of society can be seen throughout the actions of Gilgamesh and his sight. This epic brings forth the light of the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian cultures. Gilgamesh is shown to be struggling against the gods, natural forces and his own mortality and this reflects his ones efforts to bugger off rest in society and universe.Importa nce of ReputationGilgamesh was a laborious powerful attraction who was more of God and stronger than any(prenominal) other king alive. He treated his subjects harshly and unkindly. This made commonwealth to ask the god of Uruk to create an opposing ruler who has equal strengths to Gilgamesh so that they might even be left to rest in peace. Enkidu was so created and he had scaring features that destroyed his report card and he was referred to as wild man, this made Gilgamesh to tame him and even put off his marriage with the goddess of love. Gilgamesh was concerned about his temperament after fighting with Enkidu, they became friends and travel together for fights, he aimed at establishing unremitting news report saying he wants to leave behind a name that endures(pg.71). Gilgamesh would get ready for the journey by offering sacrices to Shamash so that he may get loyal friends, obtain weapons and he also sought intervention from her mother who had then adopted Enkidu.In t he epic of Gilgamesh, the gods possessed great powers that showed social values that were adored in the society. Gilgamesh was characterized by military nature and strong social standing for the people he represented and these revealed qualities of a good warrior that is valued within society. In the startle of the story, Gilgamesh was a bad king, exclusively later he became determined, considering his internal feelings and questioned his eternal mortality. It was the power of gods in the society, just not the population, that redirected his actions so that he may not harm the people.Gilgamesh being a brave warrior, his people had arrogance in him and they would fight fearlessly and would emerged victors with everyone they fight with. They fought with a mighty puppet Humbaba and defeated him this shows that even such a mighty enemy was tranquilize no match for Gilgameshs extreme skill. It is state that, Gilgameshs tribe is un bruiseable, and aroused by small insults, (par. 2). In this regard Gilgameshs virtues as a awesome leader is revealed.He plantd his skill of a warrior and leadership ability beyond imagination when he rws the boat across the sea faster than a boat man. For one to be a good leader, one has to prove their powerfulness and ability to defend their people everlastingly. Gilgamesh revealed this throughout the entire epic. His parole is shown when he sought advise and counseling from his mother who is wise AND worries not (Tramp, par4). His constitution as a leader who sought no fame exactly fought for whole his kingdom is a true characteristic of a selfless leader.Reputation plays an important role in the play Othello that was create verbally by Shakespeare. It is evident that Iago wouldnt have been able to do what he did without such a good reputation of honesty. In fact Othello praises him and because of Iagos reputation Othello takes caution when he is talking. In the play Iago deceives Othello and all people through his reputat ion. In the other hand, Othello engages his reputation in every scene of the play, also the varying of Cassios reputation plays an important role in the play. Othello revealed no non ace military world(a) characters that eventually lead to death of Desdemona. When he heard from Iago that Cassio and Desdemona were cheating on him, he became extremely upset and anxious that he couldnt think distinctly and wanted to kill her. He say that I will meat cleaver her into messes Cuckold me? (123 helpme.com, par.3). Othello couldnt guess that Desdemona could deceive him and cheated on him. Because of his reputation, he was unable to vomit words on her in that situation. He kept anger in his heart since he knew that his reputation is going to be tarnished when it comes out that his married woman was unfaithful to him. Reputation meant a lot to him and this is shown when he said that for slide fastener I did in hate, but all in honor (123helpe.com, par3). His reputation was his treasure in relation to his position as a widely distributed and respect that he had from ranked below and above him. At the end of the play Othello died while trying to keep his reputation.In the play, lagos reputation is ask opposite of his true nature. His reputation was being an honest man. He made all people to think that he was honest as it is written of him as O, thats an honest fellow, you advice me well goodnight honest lago (123helpme.com, par.2). This made Othello to oblige his loyalty and friendship to him. He would completely make everybody to strongly believe that he had very good personal qualities and honest person. Therefore, he often uses these qualities to gain favors saying that devils would show good characters first gear before their sexual characters are revealed. Through all these, Lago was able to deceive Othello and made him believe that Desdemona was really unfaithful to him.Desdemonas innocent and pure reputation is destroyed by Iago when he had Othello to b egin doubting her. His reputation protected him from being confronted by Othello throughout the scene. No one could doubt Iago, even if it ever came out that he was setting up to destroy Othello, Desmona and Cassino. He always controlled Othellos drumhead using his reputation to accomplish whatever he intends to do. Because of his honest reputation, he was able to damage Cassios reputation and eventual death of Desdemona and Othello.Throughout the scene, Cassio changes his reputation often and these took a major part in the play. He is shown as an honest, loyal and just soldier but his reputation comes to a snag when he gets drunk. Cassio depended on reputation in order to accomplish his missions, but when he was lowered from his position, his behavior changed and he was afraid of Othello. He said that I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial(123helpme.com, par.4). His reputation was spoiled after being demoted and Othello was not impressed and could no t hold him as a friend anymore. Because of his drunkenness, Iago was able to convince Othello that he had personal matters with Desdemona and were cheating on him. Othello told Casino that I will make thee an example, (123helpme.com, par.4) and these openly revealed to him that he no longer earns trust from Othello, his friend. As he date-tested to resolve his differences with Othello, Iogo would come in and disrupts everything. Iago made spoilt reputation of Cassio has his stepping rock candy in accomplishing all his plans.Oedipus being the main character is said to have met a tragic fate Oedipus is portrayed as a rash, chimerical and overly confident king, who is always trying to keep up with his necessary fate. In the beginning of the play he is described as a great king and a ruler of the people of Thebes. When the people of Thebes came to him with a problem, he would solve it being a determined king. When the city went through problems he was eager to solve it in order to gain reputation and become a hero, he always looked for such opportunities. The people comprehended his greatness as a king and would always turn to him to find a solution to their problems. Oedipus from the beginning is considered as a great honor and a national leader of a state during the time of crisis. Thebes was attacked by plagues and they believed it was a manifestation of the fatal forces of the universe they lived. Because of his wisdom in dealing with adventurous things, people loved, acknowledged and respected him. They told him that we judge you as the first of men in what happens in this life and in our interactions with the gods (Johnston, par. 20). He was a person who had self assurance and confidence and ready to face any crisis taking it has his own unique challenge. He solved the riddle of the sphinx, he revealed his intelligence. His downfall is as a result of incidents beyond his control, and is rather the result of fate.Answers to Shakespeares OthelloOthell o begins to doubt Desdemona when she asked Cassio to stay and see the way she would approach Othello, but he went away being ashamed of what he did the previous day. Iago who was with Othello said, Ha I like not that and this made Othello have second thoughts about rejecting Cassio and because of his reputations he couldnt be suspicious about his wife and her friend Cassio. Iago builds more doubts when he tells him that the two had been alone together before. When Desdemona leaves with Emilia, Iago preceded convincing Othello of her unfaithfulness. Iago makes Othello to develop jealousness and is not a jealous man by nature. Iago continued to convince Othello that his wife had deceived her suffer in marrying the Moor.Emilia collaborated with Iago, in collecting the handkerchief that was dropped by Desdemona when she was with Othello but they came convincing Othello that she was using it to wipe Cassios beards. When Othello asked him to contract more evidence, he said that he overh eard Cassio mentioning Desdemonas name in a dream and with this he couldnt produce any evidence. Othello lost his sense of humanity as he insulted Desdemona and issued barbarous threats to Cassio. At these scenes it was the lowest point of Othello and on the other hand, it was highest point to Iago who seemed specify in his complete triumph.Difference between Othello Play and the MovieThe play is an interpretation of the movie in many ways. It uses the text to develop the story and modernizes characters to appeal to the audience. The audience sees Odin as a basketball player and not a warrior as portrayed in the movie. Racial perception is brought up in a play as there is how uncivilized people are in Africa when Othello describes Africans as being cannibals that eats each other. The free radical of jealousy, racial bias and deceitfulness is revealed in both the play and movie. In the play, Rodrigos character is overdramatic, simple minded and dearly loves Desdemona. Though Rodri gos affection seemed immature and included jealousy, the movie cannot bring it out.The choice of setting differs in the play and the movie. In the movie the choice of setting in regard to time and geographic location is of a modern era school and ring environment portraying modern time. This setting showed the politics involved in high school basketball play. The relationship of womens characters is similar, but the difference comes in the time and setting. The movie uses the difference in the play to emphasize its originality. remnantReputation is important in our society today has it helps everyone in make judgments about others. The hero is more is more likely to be someone who confronts fate in a very personal manner and whose answer to that encounter serves to illuminate for us our own particular condition. Gilgamesh was a strong and brave thus being qualified as an ideal warrior. He possessed many heroic qualities as powerful, impulsive, sexually aggressive, wanting to con quer the wilderness and protect his people. Othellos reputation played a big role in the outcome of the play and in part caused Desdemonas death and his own. Cassio was a loyal person to be a friend and he always followed orders he was given. Oedipus took every challenge with himself and he had a powerful sense of excellence and self worth. Since he had a high regard for himself, after saving the city when many others could not, people came to him because of his qualities.